The publication of Perner's Contacts is discontinued and therefore no further submissions will be accepted for peer review. Perner's Contacts is an electronic reviewed scientific journal of the Faculty of transport engineering, University of Pardubice, Czech Republic. The journal has been published since 2006 and the original scientific papers and the review papers in Czech, Slovak and English language are published here. Currently, the journal is issued twice a year - in June and December. The journal is intended for publication of broadspectrum original articles and reviews on actual problems of transport science and related scientific disciplines.
University of Pardubice, Faculty of Transport Engineering
FRAMEWORK FOR EVALUATING TRAVEL APPLICATIONS IN PUBLIC PASSENGER TRANSPORT
With the rise of digital technologies, travel applications have become a fundamental element of public passenger transport. However, their importance goes beyond simple route planning, they influence mobility decision-making, shape user experience, and contribute to the sustainability of transport. The aim of this article is to propose a framework that serves as a theoretical basis for systematically evaluating the quality and complexity of these digital tools. This framework is sufficiently robust for systematic comparison, yet flexible enough to adapt to various objectives. It enables the connection of technical characteristics of applications with user expectations, thereby enhancing the quality and efficiency of public transport in the digital environment. The proposed framework for evaluating travel applications in public passenger transport aims to objectively and systematically assess digital travel applications used in public transport in terms of their functional, technological, and behavioral parameters.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zdenka Bulková, Vladislav Zitrický, Martin Kendra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE FIRST/LAST MILE PROBLEM AS KEY FACTOR IN PASSENGER TRANSPORT MODAL CHOICE
The first and last mile leg of a journey presents a challenge for the traveller to get to the transportation hub and continue on the main leg of their journey. The first and last mile can add up to a significant fraction of one’s journey in the matters of duration and also costs of travel. This study demonstrates the problem on a real-life journey, which was tracked and analysed. Then three specific cases of short distance, middle distance and long distance journeys were studied. Journeys were broken down into individual legs and analysed in time and costs aspects. The individual modes are evaluated in total travel costs analysis and present individual options with different approaches to the first and last mile problem. The findings suggest that the fastest option is not always the best in regards to total journey costs. There is a huge difference in car journeys with respects to the amortization of the car and fuel costs only.
Copyright (c) 2025 Martin Václavík, Ivana Olivková https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
This paper addresses the issue of a road vehicle passing around a curve. The text discusses the kinematics of negotiating a curve for road vehicles, particularly for a vehicle combination. I chose a truck tractor and trailer as the vehicle combination. In a conventional combination, the wheel tracks of the tractor and the trailer wheels are different when going around a curve. This makes the path (lane width) bigger. This situation is very limiting when manoeuvring the vehicle in confined spaces, such as city streets and minor roads. Therefore, in the paper I have dealt with a mathematical definition for the trailer wheel angle. The outcome of this paper is a mathematical model offering a definition of the partial angles of rotation of the trailer axles so that these wheels follow the path of the tractor. This will significantly improve the maneuverability of the vehicle. I also foresee a great benefit in the autonomous driving of a vehicle combination. It is fully sufficient for the trailer to have fewer sensors mapping the vehicle’s surroundings without compromising the high level of safety.
Copyright (c) 2024 Petr Jilek https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DETERMINATION OF PICTOGRAMS OF CARGO AIRSHIPS FOR USE IN LOGISTICS
The article discusses the categorisation of pictograms based on the type of carrier gas and the method of loading and unloading cargo in airships. The two primary carrier gases are helium and hydrogen. Cargo can be carried inside or outside the airship's hull, with further subdivisions based on loading and unloading capabilities. Finally, pictograms are assigned to each manufacturer based on their declaration as an example assignment
Copyright (c) 2024 Petr Polívka, Ivo Drahotský https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT OF TRANSPORT CONSUMPTION – AN EDUCATIONAL CHALLENGE FOR GENERATION Z
This paper brings together two very topical and important themes. The first is the issue of the environmental footprint of transport consumption and the second is the current educational challenges of Generation Z representatives. The paper focuses on a combination of both topics, respectively addressing the education of Generation Z on the topic of the environmental footprint of transport consumption. The paper is prepared using a primary representative survey method based on an online questionnaire survey of representatives of Generation Z (secondary school students in the Czech Republic). The aim of the paper is to identify the educational challenges of the generation Z (studying at secondary schools in the Czech Republic) in the thematic area of the environmental footprint of transport consumption. The results clearly show the necessity of using audio-visual educational content and linking theory and practice, for example in the form of case studies. Generation Z wants quick, concise, up-to-date, interesting, and interactive information. Generation Z representatives clearly confirm the need to address human environmental impacts in education, adding that not enough time is devoted to them. They also confirm that there is a lack of study materials in this subject area and that they are not developed in a user-friendly way. Representatives of Generation Z are interested in further education on the environmental footprint of transport consumption. The findings of this paper can help both secondary school teachers, as well as school and curriculum developers and educational policy and strategy makers.
Copyright (c) 2024 Jan Chocholáč, Monika Skalska, Dalibor Gottwald, Hana Pavlisova, Vojtech Julak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INFLUENCE OF WOOTZ STEEL MICROSTRUCTURE TO FORGING
Cast (real) damascus steel (so-called “wootz”) is an ancient tool/weapon material. Due to relatively high carbon amounts, the wootz is hard to forge (or other hot-forming shaping). In some cases, the forging of wootz is impossible. During forging, cracks are often created that lead to absolutely disintegration of bulk material. In this paper is given one relationship between wootz microstructure and the forging impossibility.
Copyright (c) 2024 Pavel Švanda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MEASURES TO INCREASE THE CAPACITY OF THE TRACK SECTION OF THE DRIENOVSKÁ NOVÁ VES – KYSAK RAILWAY LINE
Railway transport is a continuous process that must be coordinated at all levels of management and is determined by technological procedures. From a technological point of view, it is important to correctly determine the practical throughput performance of the track section, also called the capacity of the railway infrastructure. This means which railway transport can be used to load the track section so that it exhibits sufficient railway transport stability even during operational irregularities. The article is focused on the method of increasing the capacity of the track section Drienovská Nová Ves - Kysak using the method of determining the practical throughput performance in the anticipated timetable. The detailed determination of the occupation times of the section in the current state and in the application of individual proposals provides us with information about other possibilities for the modernization of the railway infrastructure in the Slovak Republic. The article describes and evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of individual proposals for increasing the capacity of the examined track section. As part of the future modernization of the railway infrastructure of this track section, it is necessary to implement these measures, as the examined line section is part of the RFC corridor. The intention is not only to increase the quality of railway infrastructure, but also the quality of freight and passenger transport.
Copyright (c) 2024 Zdenka Bulková, Jozef Gašparík, Vladislav Zitrický https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SELECTED MANAGEMENT METHODS FOR DISRUPTED RAILWAY OPERATIONS
In recent years, the field of railway traffic management has been receiving increasing interest from the professional public. This is evidenced not only by professional publications from past years, but also by the increased interest in information regarding the nature of the methods of remote control of railway traffic through the Central Dispatch Offices. The aim of this contribution is to provide an overview of selected scientific publications in this area over the last few years. For this purpose, articles from the Web of Science (WoS) from 2020 to 2023 were used.
planned and unplanned disruption of rail traffic
Copyright (c) 2023 Krevky Vitezslav https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CURRENT PROBLEMS OF ROAD TRUCK TRANSPORT PERFORMANCE AND SAFETY
Although the economic development of the Czech Republic in the past decade can be assessed as entirely positive, the development of the performance of domestic road freight carriers showed a sharp decline during the same period. However, European road truck transport was forced to solve an extensive range of problems, which had a noticeable impact on domestic carriers. The presented paper aims to find and indicate the causes of this development and point out some factors that helped to reverse the unfavorable development.
Copyright (c) 2023 Alexej Sato https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
STRENGTHENING PHARMACEUTICAL SUPPLY CHAIN SECURITY IN EUROPE: SERIALIZATION AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
The pharmaceutical industry's profitability has attracted attention, but it faces challenges from counterfeiters exploiting vulnerabilities worsened by globalization and complex supply chains. In 2019, European authorities introduced regulation EU 2016/161 to enhance drug supply chain security and traceability. By conducting a systematic literature review, this study assesses the effectiveness of the European Drug Serialization system, examining its implementation and the potential benefits of integrating digital technologies like RFID and Blockchain. The aim is to investigate and identify measures contributing to the strengthening of pharmaceutical supply chains against counterfeiting. The research suggests that while serialization is crucial, it may not provide foolproof security, emphasizing the need for additional digital technology integration.
Copyright (c) 2023 Vikram Chowdhary, Marek Vinš https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF RAILWAY VEHICLES IN THE CONTEXT OF TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR INTEROPERABILITY
This review paper deals with operation and maintenance of railway vehicles in the context of technical specifications for interoperability (TSIs). The attention is paid especially to the new process of vehicle authorization and extension of the maintenance system based on entity in charge of maintenance (ECM) on the locomotives and passenger coaches – generally the news in this branch introduced by the so-called technical pillar of the 4th Railway Package.
technical specifications for interoperability
Copyright (c) 2023 Tomáš Michálek, Stanislava Liberová https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF A WORKBENCH FOR THE NEEDS OF A SERVICE TECHNICIAN
The presented paper deals with the structural design of a workbench with adjustable height, which will serve as part of the equipment of a light commercial vehicle for the needs of a service technician. The main objective of this paper is to create a functional design and 3D CAD model of a workbench that will meet the requirements of safety, mobility, and simple utilisation. Moreover, the design needs to consider the requirements of adjustable height and the dimensions of the work vehicle. The lifting mechanism is represented by arms fitted with sleeves that move along a lead trapezoidal screw rotating by a hand crank. In this paper, the force action in the axis of the threaded rod of the lifting mechanism is scrutinised in two extreme positions (highest and lowest position). The highest axial load on the threaded rod was found to be 9927.13 N in the lowest position of the mechanism. On the basis of this load, a right and left-hand trapezoidal threaded rod TR16×4 is selected, which satisfied the strength condition. The design of the sleeve height and the number of sleeve threads required are essential for safe utilisation. Due to the dimension of the guide rod, the height of the sleeve is selected to be 40 millimetres. The work surface is an important part of the workbench and consists of two parts. The chief larger part is made of medium density fibreboard and the smaller modular part can be in the two modular forms. The first version is the medium density fibreboard, and second alternative is a board designed to fix the components during their maintenance, repair as well as for welding.
Copyright (c) 2023 Denis Molnár, Miroslav Blatnický, Ján Dižo, Jozef Harušinec, Rastislav Maliňák https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PROFILE OF THE POTENTIAL USER OF URBAN AIR MOBILITY IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC
Urban air mobility (UAM) is an emerging air transport concept in which drones transport passengers or cargo in densely populated areas. UAM enables significant reductions in travel times and bypasses traffic congestion by enabling air travel from one place to another within urbanized areas. However, before UAM can be implemented, several issues need to be resolved, including technical issues. Social acceptance and the creation of a viable business model are also important for the development of UAM. The survey described in this post aims to identify the profile of a potential UAM user. The results indicate a relatively high willingness to adopt UAM, with approximately 77% of respondents expressing interest, especially if the UAM journey would start from their area of residence. Logistic regression analysis revealed that gender, education, employment status, vehicle use patterns, air travel frequency, and motivational factors such as travel time use and travel speed significantly influenced the likelihood of UAM use. These findings contribute to the understanding of the potential user profile of UAM.
Copyright (c) 2023 Michal Šimeček https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CATALOGUE OF NON-DRIVING RELATED TASKS IN LEVELS 3 AND 4 AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES
The article describes the theoretical background, methods, and resulting structure of the catalogue of non-driving related tasks during driving in autonomous vehicles L3 and L4. In the conducted research, two basic methods were used, namely the analysis of legal regulations and standards, and then focus groups with professional drivers, dispatchers, logistics managers, HMI experts, road safety and other stakeholders. Based on them, the catalogue of non-driving related tasks was created. It consists of three basic parts, the first two focusing on the L4 and the last one on the L3. All parts contain 4 hierarchical levels. At the highest hierarchical level, a total of eleven categories of non-driving related tasks are included: break, other work (drivers), periods of availability, work (in transportation), work (out of transportation), work (general), relaxation, entertainment, education, physiological needs, and body care. The catalogue will be published as a public specialized database (web domain). It will be used by management of transport companies, Ministry of transport, subjects in the area of education, producers and sellers of autonomous vehicles and drivers.
systematization of non-driving related tasks
Copyright (c) 2023 Miroslava Horáková, Libor Krejčí, Martina Trepáčová, Martina Šintálová https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE GROUND STATION FOR LONG-RANGE MONITORING, FLIGHT CONTROL, AND OPERATIONAL DATA TELEMETRY OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES
The rapid advancement of technology in the field of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has created new possibilities for their application in numerous fields. For every unmanned aerial system it is essential to contain a ground control station (GCS), which must comply with mission-specific requirements. This paper presents the results of our research on optimizing the hardware and software components of radio communication for an UAV prototype with hybrid propulsion and integrating them into one comprehensive control station, enabling long-range operation and universal applicability to other unmanned aircraft. Our approach includes a unique solution to separate flight control from propulsion unit monitoring due to the experimental nature of the propulsion system. Flight safety was also enhanced by equipping the GCS with a system that provides information about nearby air traffic and secures the operational area against unauthorized UAV flights. Our system is capable of detecting intruders and determining their location based on intercepting UAV radio signals. Additionally, we conducted research on radio jamming as a means of interrupting the flight of a UAV that is violating a restricted airspace. Overall, our research provides insights and recommendations for the development of effective and user-friendly GCSs for UAV systems, addressing the critical need for safe and secure UAV operations.
Copyright (c) 2023 Robert Dianovský, Pavol Pecho, Martin Bugaj https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
This paper focuses on cycling transport in the capital city of the Czech Republic – Prague. Main goal of the paper is to find out whether available measures for cycling transport support are taken there. The authors focus on the infrastructure dedicated for cyclists in Prague and they primarily focus on the safety of the users. Potentially dangerous and/or not comfortable examples are included as well.
Copyright (c) 2023 Bedřich Rathouský, Michal Mervart https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TIME-SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF SPECIFIC TRAFFIC ACCIDENT ON HIGHWAY
The presented article deals with the complex reconstruction and analysis of a specific traffic accident on the highway. The main goal of the analysis of the traffic accident was to determine the cause of death of the driver of the Škoda 1203. The accident occurred at night with the participation of 3 passenger cars, between which there was mutual impact contact. These mutual contacts determined the technical-logical definition of the accident scene with acceptable time intervals between individual impact contacts. The time-spatial determination of the technically acceptable interval of the course of the traffic accident made it possible to define the time available for the driver of the Škoda 1203 vehicle to perform post-accident actions. The subsequent biomechanical analysis made it possible to establish the probable mechanism of the serious injuries of the given driver.
Copyright (c) 2023 Eduard Kolla, Veronika Adamová https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PROPOSAL FOR MEASURES TO IMPROVE AND EFFICIENCY OF THE TRANSPORTATION PROCESS IN RAIL PASSENGER TRANSPORT DURING THE NEXT PANDEMIC PERIOD
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected many aspects of our everyday lives. Governments have taken a number of measures to limit the spread of the pandemic, which has had a direct impact on daily mobility, the choice of mode of transport and the functioning of public transport. These measures were implemented in practice immediately, without conceptual systematic preparation. This paper is focused on the proposal of measures to improve the quality and efficiency of the transport process in railway passenger transport in the next period of the pandemic. In the process of equipping the passenger with a travel document during the pandemic, new technical and technological elements are implemented in railway stations and trains to reduce the risk of virus transmission with the aim of protecting the health of the passenger and the carrier's employees. By introducing more modern passenger equipment systems in railway passenger transport in the form of automation and digitization of processes, it is possible to streamline and improve the transport process quality.
Copyright (c) 2023 Zdenka Bulková, Milan Dedík, Lenka Černá https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CHALLENGES OF GREENING THE MARITIME AND INLAND NAVIGATION
Recently, the need for wider use of energy from renewable sources and low-carbon fuels in individual transport systems resonates more and more intensively in the institutions and bodies of the EU. The author provides an overview of the legislative standards governing the decarbonisation process in the conditions of the maritime and inland water transport sector and points out the pitfalls on the way to greening, to building a blue economy and climate neutrality with regard to the health and life quality of people who live near waterways or ports.
Copyright (c) 2023 Jarmila Sosedová https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PROPOSAL OF SPECIFIC OPERATIONAL MEASURES SUPPORTING RAILWAY PASSENGER TRANSPORT DURING THE PANDEMIC
The unexpected development of COVID-19 has had a significant impact on the traveller's habits. Even before the pandemic, public passenger transport performance had already a decline trend and a high increase was recorded in individual car transport. The emergence of COVID-19 has significantly reinforced this negative trend and public passenger transport has become the preferred choice of travellers. This paper deals with the impact of measures introduced in the first half of 2020 on passenger rail transport in the Slovak Republic in order to slow down the spread of the virus during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. The main objective of the paper is to investigate and to analyse the decrease in transport performance in individual months of the first half of 2020 and then to estimate the impact of these changes on the passenger rail sector. The transport performance is then analysed on three important railway lines in the Slovak Republic, comparing the years 2018, 2019 and 2020. In general, it is expected that a certain period after the end of the pandemic situation may be critical to ensure long-term and sustainable development within the rail transport sector.
Copyright (c) 2023 Milan Dedík, Adriana Pálková, Zdenka Bulková, Jozef Gašparík https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF THE CLEARANCE DELIVERY POSITION CAPACITY OF THE OSTRAVA/MOSNOV AERODROME CONTROL UNIT
This paper is devoted to the experimental determination of the number of flights, for which activation of separate clearance delivery position on tower control unit Ostrava/Mošnov is necessary. The paper statistically evaluates the time workload of the air traffic controller associated with issuing air traffic control clearance. The paper describes a simulation model of the clearance delivery working position based on queueing system created by using Witness2007 software and in the last part evaluates the experimental findings carried out on the model.
Copyright (c) 2023 Rostislav Stryk, Michal Dorda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
APPLICATION OF GRAPH THEORY IN AIR TRANSPORT
The paper is focused on the graph theory application into the field of air transportation – what are the possibilities of the graph application usage in the air transportation. It deals with the analysis, observation and then with the solution of the application of graph theory to air transport in the planning and optimization of flight path and air traffic flow.
Copyright (c) 2023 Hélia Némethová, Jan Zýka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DETERMINATION OF THE OCTANE NUMBER OF AUTOMOTIVE GASOLINES BY FTIR SPECTROMETRY WITH CHEMOMETRICS
The quality of motor fuels is more and more strictly controlled in connection with many factors - users are particularly interested in the anti-knock resistance of automotive gasolines, quantitatively expressed by the value of the research octane number (RON). The paper presents FTIR spectrometry in conjunction with chemometry as an alternative method to the standardized determination of the octane number of gasoline by a research method according to ČSN EN ISO 5164. An FTIR-PLS regression model working with spectra in the range of 650–4000 cm-1 was proposed for ON prediction. With this model, a very strong dependence (R=0.996) was achieved between the predicted of octane number values and the values determined by the standardized method; the calibration error was 0.414.
Copyright (c) 2022 Ivana Hurtová, Marie Sejkorová https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE EFFECT OF A REDUCTION IN THE RADIAL REACTION OF THE VEHICLE WHEEL ON THE STABILITY OF THE CAR DURING A SIMPLE CHANGE OF DIRECTION
The paper deals with a mutual comparison of the differences in the car's behavior when achieving a reduced adhesion force using a sliding frame and when driving on a slippery surface. The author deals with the possibility of bringing a road vehicle to the limit of skidding, at a safe speed. The aim of this paper aimsdifferences in the behavior of the experimental vehicle with the slip frame system against the behaviour of the experimental vehicle on the slip surface. In both cases, the vehicle motion under reduced adhesion force is monitored. The reduction of the adhesion force occurred when using the sliding frame with the help of a reduction of the radial reaction on the vehicle wheels, in the second case the adhesion force was reduced by a decrease in the coefficient of adhesion. So, the vehicle was moving on a slippery surface. The skid frame is an auxiliary device with four support wheels attached to the attached. By means of hydraulic disposing the support wheels, the radial reactions transmitted by the vehicle wheels can be reduced. In order to reduce the adToe transmitted by the vehicle wheels, part of the given radial reaction of the vehicle wheel is transmitted by the additional support wheels. A slip surface is a specially treated area where the surface is a special filmcharacter when scraped by water, has a significantly lower coefficient of adhesion than a conventional bituminous surface. In the preparation of this paper, experimental measurements were made for both driving modes and compared with each other. An avoidance maneuver between cones maneuver as the driving test. The Alternative SkidCar system helps to create any kind of skidding with respect to both longitudinal and transverse planes of the vehicle, which is not achievable on a skid surface. Alternative SkidCar has its application in the field as an initial tool to validate newly developed electronic vehicle systems and to improve road safety in driver training. In the construction of the test corridor for the Alternative SkidCar system, a modification was made to the slip resistant surface. As the Alternative SkidCar extends beyond the footprint of the vehicle, we had to adapt the corridor layout to the slip surface for this purpose. Evaluation of the measured waveforms shows that the Alternative SkidCar system can be used to modify the adhesion force transmitted by the vehicle wheels. The weight of the ASC frame is ¼ of the kerb weight of the car, tcurbfore the resulting measured characteristics take slightly different waveforms, but it is still applicable.
Copyright (c) 2023 Petr Jilek https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
OPTIMIZATION OF TOLL SERVICES USING QUEUING THEORY IN THE CASE OF ETHIOPIA
The toll road service is planned and built to fund road construction and management of traffic operations. Although the toll service has several benefits, it also has challenges by creating a queue in the event of high traffic. Queues at a toll service in addition to pollution and waiting time costs also expose drivers to road traffic accidents and affect the economy of the country. Queuing problems at highway gates and exits due to toll service have become the main concern for transport managers and planners because of the randomness of inter-arrival and service time. The critical point in the management of toll road services is finding the optimal number of servers. This paper aims to analyze the queue feature to optimize the toll service using analytical and simulation models by considering the Addis-Adama expressway toll service in Ethiopia. The paper used a mathematical model and a simulation model using the CPN tools to investigate the queuing parameters. Then the model results helped us to get the optimum output by using economic analysis and identifying the minimum waiting time and operating cost without expense. The performance of the toll service highly depends on the number of servers, the number of vehicles in the system and queue, waiting time in the queue, service time, and inter-arrival time.
Copyright (c) 2022 Abate Sewagegn https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANALYSING THE MODEL-SUPPORT CONNECTION BY TORSION TEST FOR SELECTIVE LASER MELTING PROCESS
3D printing of metal parts was investigated in this research work, which connecting to the supporting of model. The connection between the support and the model is important form the viewpoint of the mechanical fixturing, the heat conduction, the removability of the support and the success of printing. In this research work, some support and tooth parameters such as the top length, the hatch distance, and base length, tooth height were investigated to create a model-support connection strength map. This knowledge makes it possible to select the most appropriate connection type between the support and the model by the requirements specified in different cases. The strength of the support-model connection was characterized by the shearing properties using the torsion test. The results are illustrated and compared by different support parameters and materials. The 316L stainless steel and Ti6Al4V alloy were investigated.
Copyright (c) 2022 Tamás Markovits, László Ferenc Varga, Ármin Fendrik https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING EFFICIENCY AND SPEED
The aim of this paper is to experimentally evaluate energy losses during AC and DC charging of battery electric vehicle (BEV) Hyundai Kona electric 64 kWh. DC charging speed of four different types of BEVs was also measured and compared. Overall charging efficiency, round-trip battery efficiency, on-board electronics consumption during charging and on-board battery charger efficiency were calculated. A strong influence of battery temperature on charging speed and efficiency is observed in DC charging. Charging efficiency is calculated as ratio of energy consumed from battery during the trip to energy supplied by AC wallbox or DC charger during subsequent charging to the same battery state of charge level as at the beginning of the trip. Observed overall charging efficiencies of Hyundai Kona were 85 % (AC) and 92,1 % (DC). Calculated battery round-trip efficiency was 97,6 % (AC charging) and 92,7 % (DC charging). Vehicle’s 12 V board net consumes about 0,3 to 1,4 % of total input power during charging. Data was collected from seventeen AC charging events after the test trips on various types of roads in summer and winter and three DC charging events after the test trips on highway in winter.
Copyright (c) 2023 Zdeněk Mašek, Michal Závodník https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COVID MACHINE AND ITS IMPACT ON TRANSPORT PERFORMANCE IN THE PUBLIC INTEREST IN RAILWAY PASSENGER TRANSPORT IN SLOVAKIA
The spread of the COVID-19 crisis has had a serious impact on rail carriers due to a significant reduction in demand for rail transport services. Some carriers faced significant liquidity problems, large losses, and in extreme cases, the risk of bankruptcy. During this period, rail passenger transport was particularly affected by the corona crisis. In the first wave of the pandemic, if the curfew was introduced, a large number of train connections on the ŽSR network were canceled and the operation of railway passenger transport was limited to the Saturday mode of operation of the valid timetable. All transport services, especially those provided as services in the public interest, have been reduced to a large extent. Free transportation was also suspended due to the closure of all schools. As a result of these adverse changes, anti-pandemic measures were introduced to reduce the risk of infection during transport. The paper deals with the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on performance in the public interest in railway passenger transport in Slovakia. The paper describes the proposed system for evaluating anti-pandemic measures affecting mobility in railway passenger transport. The implementation of preventive measures for the next period is proposed to support the operation of railway passenger transport.
Copyright (c) 2022 Zdenka Bulková, Lenka Černá https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COMPARISON OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMMODITY PRICES AFTER A PRICE SHOCK
The article analyzes the price development of selected commodities over the last 4 years. This is an analysis that was created to assess the behavior of prices to an unexpected price shock. Commodity markets are one of the key markets because they sell the main raw materials for the vast majority of industries. Price shocks that hit these markets thus have extensive and long-term effects on the global economy. For this reason, it is very important to monitor and analyze all price shocks and subsequently learn from the results of the analyses. One of the biggest price shocks in this century was the military conflict when the troops of the Russian Federation entered Ukraine. Both the Russian Federation and Ukraine are economies that produce a large amount of raw materials and semi-finished products for European and non-European industries. This conflict caused an upheaval in commodity markets, and not only for commodities that are produced on the territory of the affected states. The entire conflict changed the world's logistics system. The analysis identified commodities whose prices were affected by the conflict and commodities whose prices were not significantly affected by the conflict.
Copyright (c) 2022 Jiří Nožička https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE EFFECT OF THE WORD „FREE“ ON DIFFERENT GENERATIONS
In transportation, communications, or any other field, people often make decisions that are not rational. One influence that causes this is to offer something for free. This article aimed to investigate this influence between different generations. The aim was to find out if the younger generations react in a different way from the older generations. A significant difference was not found. However, in researching this problem, another phenomenon was shown (and confirmed), namely the influence of the wording of the offer with the word free.
Copyright (c) 2022 Kateřina Pojkarová, Yaroslava Anchutkina, Klára Baťová https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0