THE USEABLE DRIVETRAINS IN CONTEMPORARY BUS TRANSPORT
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46585/pc.2021.1.1673Keywords:
alternative fuels, road transport, bus transport, carbon dioxide, Well-to-Wheel emissionsAbstract
This paper focuses on introducing new, environmentally friendly types of drivetrains in the field of bus transport. Main goal is to present approximate costs of purchase and cost of operating (especially fuels or electricity) and connected them with real emissions of carbon dioxide for each different technology of drivetrain, including Well-to-Tank and Tank-to-Wheel emissions. The authors are using the Weighted Sum Approach method to determine currently the most suitable drivetrain for urban busses.
Downloads
References
ACEA. © 2021. Fuel types of new buses: electric 6.1%, hybrids 9.5%, diesel 72.9% market share in 2020. Available at: https://www.acea.be/press-releases/article/fuel-types-of-new-buses-electric-6.1-hybrids-9.5-diesel-72.9-market-share-i [Accessed: 2021, May 30].
AVID Technology. © 2021. What´s in a battery anyway? Battery electric buses in London. Available at: https://avidtp.com/whats-in-a-battery-anyway-battery-electric-buses-in-london/ [Accessed: 2021, May 20].
Baldini, A., & Day, R. 2015. U.S. Patent No. 9,054,354. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
Busfahrt.com. © 2017. Erdgas statt Diesel. [Online]. Available at: https://busfahrt.com/images/stories/testberichte/citarongt_0117.pdf [Accessed: 2020, December 10].
Busfahrt.com. © 2020. Test- und Fahrberichte Stadtbusse. Available at: https://busfahrt.com/technik/test/stadtbusse [Accessed: 2020, December 10].
Busmagazin.de. © 2020. Fahrzeugtests und Fahrzeugpremieren. Available at: https://www.busmagazin.de/fahrzeugtests.html [Accessed: 2020, December 10].
Český statistický úřad. © 2020. Doprava, informační a komunikační činnosti - časové řady - Finanční ukazatele - Vybrané finanční ukazatele. Available at: https://www.czso.cz/csu/czso/dicvfu_cr_cz_nace [Accessed: 2020, November 11].
ČEZ. © 2019. Uhelná energetika v ČR. Available at: https://www.cez.cz/webpublic/file/edee/ospol/fileexport-s/pro-investory/informacni-povinnost-emitenta/2019-10/vnitrni-informace-cez-031-2019_uhelna-energetika_v_cr.pdf [Accessed: 2020, December 02].
CNGplus. © 2020. Legislativa. Available at: https://www.cngplus.cz/o-cng/legislativa.html [Accessed: 2020, November 15].
CROW - technology platform for transport, infrastructure and public space. © 2020. Kansen voor zero-emissiebussen in Nederland . Available at: https://www.crow.nl/downloads/pdf/collectief-vervoer/duinn_businzet-en-kansrijke-omlopen-elektrisch-en.aspx [Accessed: 2020, October 10].
Dieselnet.com. © 2019. EU: Heavy-Duty Truck and Bus Engines. Available at: https://dieselnet.com/standards/eu/hd.php [Accessed: 2020, November 14].
Dopravní podnik města Hradce Králové. © 2021. Struktura vozidel MHD k 31.12.2020. Available at: https://www.dpmhk.cz/180/Struktura_vozidel_MHD_k_31_12_2020/ [Accessed: 2021, May 30].
E.ON. © 2020. Ceník Komplet elektřina podnikání. Available at: https://www.eon.cz/ke-stazeni/produkty/komplet-pro-podnikatele/cenik-komplet-elektrina-podnikani-36-listopad-2020-distibucni-uzemi-cez-pdf/Cen%c3%adk%20Komplet%20elekt%c5%99ina%20podnik%c3%a1n%c3%ad%2036%20Listopad%202020%20-%20distibu%c4%8dn%c3%ad%20%c3%bazem%c3%ad_%c4%8cEZ.PDF [Accessed: 2020, November 16].
Ecoscore.be © 2020. How to calculate the CO2 emission from the fuel consumption?. Available at: https://ecoscore.be/en/info/ecoscore/co2 [Accessed: 2020, December 01].
El-Houjeiri, H. M., & Brandt, A. R. 2012. Oil Production Greenhouse Gas Emissions Estimator OPGEE v1. 0. Work. Available at: http://pangea.stanford.edu/departments/ere/dropbox/EAO/OPGEE/OPGEE_documentation_v2.0b.pdf [Accessed: 2020, October 12].
Erneks Invest. © 2020. Ceny tankování. Available at: https://online.erneks.cz/user/price/ [Accessed: 2020, November 02].
EU Science Hub. © 2016. Well-to-Wheels Analyses. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/jec/activities/wtw [Accessed: 2020, November 15].
European Commission Joint Research Centre. © 2011. Well-to-Wheels Analysis of Future Automotive Fuels and Power Trains in the European Context - Report, Version 3c. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/publication/eur-scientific-and-technical-research-reports/well-wheels-analysis-future-automotive-fuels-and-power-trains-european-context-report [Accessed: 2020, November 15].
European Environment Agency. © 2013. Carbon dioxide emissions from passanger transport. Available at: https://www.eea.europa.eu/media/infographics/carbon-dioxide-emissions-from-passenger-transport/ [Accessed: 2020, August 27].
European Environment Agency. © 2018. CO2 emission intensity. . Available at: https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/daviz/co2-emission-intensity-5#tab-googlechartid_chart_11_filters=%7B%22rowFilters%22%3A%7B%7D%3B%22columnFilters%22%3A%7B%22pre_config_ugeo%22%3A%5B%22European%20Union%20(current%20composition)%22%5D%7D%7D [Accessed: 2020, September 11].
Holladay, J.D., Hu, J., King, D.L. and Wang, Y., 2009. An overview of hydrogen production technologies. Catalysis today, 139(4), pp.244-260.
Hooftman, N., Messagie, M., Van Mierlo, J. and Coosemans, T., 2018. A review of the European passenger car regulations–Real driving emissions vs local air quality. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 86, pp.1-21. [Online]. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032118300182 [Accessed: 2020, November 28].
h2-map.eu. © 2020. HRS Availability Map with availability data from the E-HRS-AS. Available at: https://h2-map.eu/ [Accessed: 2020, November 20].
Kothari, R., Buddhi, D., & Sawhney, R. L. 2008. Comparison of environmental and economic aspects of various hydrogen production methods. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(2), 553-563. [Online]. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364032106001158 [Accessed: 2020, November 28].
Nitta, N., Wu, F., Lee, J. T., & Yushin, G. 2015. Li-ion battery materials: present and future. Materials today, 18(5), 252-264.
Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy. © 2020. Hydrogen Delivery. Available at: https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/hydrogen-delivery [Accessed: 2020, October 30].
Sheffield, J. W., Martin, K. B., and Folkson, R. 2014. Electricity and hydrogen as energy vectors for transportation vehicles. In Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Technologies for Improved Environmental Performance, 117-137.
Scania. © 2020. Zemní plyn. Available at: https://www.scania.com/cz/cs/home/experience-scania/kampane/udrzitelna-preprava/lng-cng.html [Accessed: 2020, October 29].
Sustainable BUS. © 2019. Solaris wins 12 fuel cell buses in Bolzano. The first order for the Urbino hydrogen. Available at: https://www.sustainable-bus.com/fuel-cell/solaris-wins-12-fuel-cell-buses-in-bolzano-the-first-order-for-the-urbino-hydrogen/ [Accessed: 2020, November 09].
Sustainable BUS. © 2020. Electric bus range, focus on electricity consumption, A sum-up. Available at: https://www.sustainable-bus.com/news/electric-bus-range-focus-on-electricity-consumption-a-sum-up/ [Accessed: 2021, May 20].
Sustainable BUS. © 2021. Fuel cell bus projects in the spotlight: fleets, manufacturers, trends. Available at: https://www.sustainable-bus.com/fuel-cell-bus/fuel-cell-bus-hydrogen/ [Accessed: 2021, May 30].
The DriveEN. © 2019. Berlin’s largest bus fleet gets first of 225 fully-electric buses Available at: https://thedriven.io/2019/03/29/berlin-fully-electric-mercedes-benz-buses/ [Accessed: 2020, November 15].
The Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Energy Association. © 2020. Fuel Cell Basics. Available at: http://www.fchea.org/fuelcells [Accessed: 2020, November 15].
Tibaquirá, J. E., Hristovski, K. D., Westerhoff, P., & Posner, J. D. (2011). Recovery and quality of water produced by commercial fuel cells. international journal of hydrogen energy, 36(6), 4022-4028.
Zdopravy.cz. © 2019. 28 hodin v autobuse. FlixBus spouští druhou nejdelší linku ve své síti, vede i přes Česko. Available at: https://zdopravy.cz/28-hodin-v-autobuse-flixbus-spousti-nejdelsi-linku-ve-sve-siti-vede-i-pres-cesko-36130/ [Accessed: 2020, September 15].
Czech Republic. 2010. Act. No. 194/2010 Coll. [In Czech: Zákon 194/2010 Sb. o veřejných službách v přepravě cestujících]. In: Sbírka zákonů české republiky.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Bedřich Rathouský, Oldřich Klouček
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Accepted 2021-05-24
Published 2021-06-30
