INDUSTRY 4.0: DIGITALIZATION CHALLENGES IN MARITIME SHIPPING
Keywords:
bill of lading, digitization, digitalization, documentary paperwork, maritime transportationAbstract
‘Digitization’ refers to converting analogue into digital data for further processing by electronic means. The broader concept ‘digitalization’ stands for increasing applications of digital technologies by organizations, industries or societies. While the first term is an underlying condition for it, the later has gained attention as digitalization of all aspects in supply chains, including maritime shipping. The paper analyses and identifies deficits when it comes on negotiable bills of lading, despite the overal rapidly developing legal foundation enabling paperless transport documentation. The applicable transport law does not facilitate ‘digitization´. The implementation efforts of ‘digitalization’ are hindered by inherent operational risks and liability burden or actors involved who are not able to adapt to the evolving new digital economy.
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References
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(3) LYCETT, M. Datafication: making sense of (big) data in a complex world. European Journal of Information Systems, 2013, roč. 22, č. 4, s. 381 - 386, ISSN 1476-9344.
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(8) HEILIG, L., SCHWARZE, S., Voss, S. An analysis of digital transformation in the history and future of modern ports. In Proceedings of the 50th Hawaiian International Conference on System Sciences. Waikoloa, 2017.
(9) KOHLI, R., JOHNSON, S. Digital transformation in latecomer industries. MIS Quarterly Executive, 2011, roč. 10, č. 4, s. 141 - 156, ISSN 1540-1960.
(10) ZEKOS, G., I. EDI and the contractual role of computerised (electronic) bills of lading. Managerial Law, 1999, roč. 41, č. 6, s. 1 - 34, ISSN 0309-0558.
(11) LEE, T., W., PARK, N.-K., JOINT, J., F. A new efficient EDI system for container cargo logistics. Maritime Policy & Management, 2000, roč. 27, č. 2, s. 33 - 144, ISSN 1464-5254.
(12) FORSTER, P., W., REGAN, A., C. Electronic integration in the air cargo industry: an information processing model of on-time performance. Transportation Journal, 2001, roč. 40, č. 4, s. 46 - 61, ISSN 1572-9435.
(13) E-Business disruptions in global freight forwarding [online]. Dostupné z <https://www.drewry.co.uk/AcuCustom/Sitename/DAM/006/Drewry_e-Bus_Disruptions_Global_Freight_Forwarding_Nov2016.pdf>.
(14) JOHNSON, E. On the Bubble. American Shipper, 2016, č. 11, s. 12 -17, ISSN 1074-8350.
(15) JOHNSON, E. The changing face of ocean freight. American Shipper, 2015. č. 10, s. 10 - 15, ISSN 1074-8350.
(16) LU, C., S., LAI, K., H., CHENG, T., E. Application of structural equation modelling to evaluate the intention of shippers to use Internet services in liner shipping. European Journal of Operational Research, 2007, roč. 180, č. 2, s. 845 - 867, ISSN 0377-2217.
(17) HSU, W.-K., Huang, S.-H., YU, H., F. Shipper behaviour to use EC services in liner shipping. International Journal of Production Economics, 2009, roč. 122, s. 56 – 66, ISSN 0925-5273.
(18) LUN, Y., H., V., QUADDUS, M., A. Firm size and performance: a study on the use of electronic commerce by container transport operators in Hong Kong. Expert Systems with Applications, 2011, roč. 38, č. 6, s. 7227 – 7234, ISSN 0957-4174.
(19) GOLDBY, M. Electronic bills of lading and central registries: what is holding back progress? Information & Communications Technology Law, 2008, roč. 17, č. 2, s. 125 -149, ISSN 1469-8404.
(20) The use of transport documents in international trade [online]. Dostupné z < http://unctad.org/en/Docs/sdtetlb20033_en.pdf>.
(21) MEI, Z., DINWOODIE, J. Electronic shipping documentation in China's international supply chains. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 2005, roč. 10, č. 3, s. 198 - 220, ISSN 1359-8546.
(22) GLASS, D., A., MARLOW, P., B., NAIR, R. The use and legal effects of carriage documents in international multimodal transport. International Journal of Shipping and Transport Logistics, 2010, roč. 2, č. 4, s. 347 - 363, ISSN 1756-6525.
(23) ICC BANKING COMMISSION. Rethinking Trade and Finance. Paříž: ICC Banking Commission, 2016. ISBN: 978-92-842-0417-5.
(24) FRANKEL, E., G. The economics of total trans-ocean supply chain management. International Journal of Maritime Economics, 1999, roč. 1, č. 1, s. 61 - 70, ISSN 1479-294X.
(25) STOPFORD, M. E-commerce-implications, opportunities and threats for the shipping business. International Journal of Transport Management, 2002, roč. 1, č. 1, s. 55 - 67, ISSN 1471-4051.
(26) APPELS, T., STRUYE DE SWIELANDE, H. Rolling Back the Frontiers: The Customs Clearance Revolution International Journal of Logistics Management, 1998, roč. 9, č. 1, s. 111 - 118, ISSN 0957-4093.
(27) DE WULF, L., SOKOL, J., B. Customs modernization handbook. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Publications, 2005. ISBN-0-8213-5751-4.
(28) HOLLOWAY, S. The Transition from ecustoms to eborder management. World Custom Journal, 2009, roč. 3, č. 1, s. 13 - 25, ISSN 1834-6715.
(29) ARNOLD, J. Trade and transport facilitation assessment: a practical toolkit for country implementation. Washington, D.C: World Bank Publications, 2010. ISBN 978-0-8213-8412-1.
(30) MILES, M., B., HUBERMAN, A., M. Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 1994. ISBN 978-0-8039-4653-8.
(31) MARSHALL, C., ROSSMAN, G., B. Designing Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks: Sage publications, 2014. ISBN 978-1-4129-7044-0.
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(33) BAYLIS, A., E. Simplification of trade documentation. North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation, 1978, roč. 3, č. 2, s. 186 - 205.
(34) POLÁČEK, B. Praktikum mezinárodního práva soukromého a práva mezinárodního obchodu, 1. vydání. Plzeň: Aleš Čeněk, 2012. ISBN 978-80-7380-400-8.
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(36) Guide for the Design of Aligned Trade Forms for Paperless Trade [online]. Dostupné z <http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trade/Publications/ece_372_ManualForDesignAlignedTradeForms.pdf>.
(37) WILLIAMS, S., M. Something Old, something new: the bill of lading in the days of EDI. Transnational Law & Contemporary Problems, 1991, roč. 1, č. 2, s. 555 - 587, ISSN 1058-1006.
(38) FABER, D. Electronic Bills of Lading. Lloyd’s Maritime and Commercial Law Quarterly, 1996, s. 232-244, ISSN 0306-2945.
(39) LOW, H., Y. UCP 600: the new rules on documentary compliance. International Journal of Law and Management, 2010, roč. 52, č. 3, s. 193 - 210 ISSN 1754-243X.
(40) POLÁČEK, B. Kolizní úprava věcných práv. Ad Notam, 2014, č. 2, s. 3-10, ISSN 1211-0558.
(41) BAL, A., B. Electronic Transport Records: an opportunity for the maritime and the logistics industries. Journal of Transportation Law, Logistics, and Policy, 2014 roč. 81, č. 1, s. 18 - 43, ISSN 1078-5906.
(42) NOVÁK, R., KOLÁŘ, P. Námořní nákladní přeprava. Praha: C. H. Beck, 2015. ISBN 978-80-7400-601-2.
(43) NOVÁK, R. Mezinárodní kamionová doprava a zasílatelství. Praha: C. H. Beck, 2013: Praha. ISBN 978-80-7400-514-5.
(44) FARIA, J., A., E. Uniform law and functional equivalence: diverting paths or stops along the same road - thoughts on a new international regime for transport documents. Elon Law Review, 2011, roč. 2, č. 1, s. 1-37.
(45) LOW, R. Replacing the paper bill of lading with an electronic bill of lading: problems and possible solutions. International Trade and Business Law, 2000, roč. 5, s. 159 - 218, ISBN 1836-8573.
(46) KOZOLKYCH, B. Evolution and present state of the ocean bill of lading from a banking law perspective. Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce, 1992, roč. 23, č. 2, s. 161 - 245, ISSN 0022-2410.
(47) ALBA, M. The use of electronic records as collateral in the Rotterdam Rules: future solutions for present needs. Uniform Law Review, 2009, roč. 14, č. 4, s. 801 - 829, ISSN 2050-9065.
(48) BYRNES, J., E. The four stages in the electrification of letter of credit. George Mason Journal of International Commercial Law, 2012, roč. 3, č. 2, s. 253 - 279, ISSN 2164-0203.
(49) LARYEA, E., T. Paperless shipping documents: an Australian perspective. Tulane Maritime Law Journal, 2000, roč. 25, č. 1, s. 255 - 298, ISSN 1048-3748.
(50) DUBOVEC, M. The problems and possibilities for using electronic bills of lading as collateral. Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law, 2006, roč. 23, č. 2, s. 437 - 466, ISSN 0743-6963.
(51) Maersk-Alibaba tie-up no threat to forwarders [online]. Dostupné z <http://www.lloydsloadinglist.com/freight-directory/news/Maersk-Alibaba-tie-up-%E2%80%98no-major-threat-to-forwarders%E2%80%99/68345.htm#.WZb03igjE2w >.
(52) Automation cannot replace forwarder specialization [online]. Dostupné z <http://aircargoworld.com/allposts/automation-cannot-replace-forwarder-specialization/>.
(53) DESORMEAUX, H. Maersk, IBM collaborate on blockchain solution. American Shipper, 2017, ISSN 1074-8350.
(54) IANSITI, M., LAKHANI, K. R. The truth about Blockchain. Harvard Business Review, 2017, roč. 95, č. 1, s. 118 - 127, ISSN 0017-8012.
(55) Why blockchain is not just for banks? [online]. Dostupné z <http://www.supplychainquarterly.com/news/20170111-why-blockchain-is-not-just-for-banks/>.
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Published
2017-11-10
How to Cite
Kolář, P. (2017). INDUSTRY 4.0: DIGITALIZATION CHALLENGES IN MARITIME SHIPPING. Perner’s Contacts, 12(3), 48–61. Retrieved from https://pernerscontacts.upce.cz/index.php/perner/article/view/492
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